I need a very good essay about Black Kettle, the prominent leader of the Southern Cheyenne during the American Indian war. The essay needs to be about his life. such as, Who is Black Kettle? his nationality? When and where was he born the place and the dates where he grew up, his wife, and date of his marriage and where that happened, his children if he got children. his achievements, why he became famous or known for, Colorado War, sand Creek massacre, and medicine lodge treaty. Cause of death and when, and where?
all of this information is required with dates.
I need 4 primary sources and 3 secondary sources.
just font size 12, Times New Roman, double space
no cover page no header information needed.

Black Kettle, Leader of the Southern Cheyenne During American Indian War
Black Kettle was a Cheyenne Indian leader who was born around 1803 in South Dakota. It is indicated that he was born in the Black Hills, where the Northern Cheyenne people have populated. His parents were Sparrow and Swift Hawk for father and mother, respectively. He also had a sister called Wind Woman and two brothers, Gentle Horse and Wolf. At the age of three, his tribe, the Buffalo People, united with the larger Cheyenne tribe (Denver Public Library, 2020). At the age of eight, he had become an excellent horse rider, and by 12 years, he went to his first buffalo hunt. Finally, at the age of 14, he demonstrated his bravery in his initial battle with another tribe, hence gaining respect from other persons (Denver Public Library, 2020).
Also, as a teenager, he became a member of the Elkhorn Scraper Society, which was among the societies where community leaders met and talked with their chiefs on essential issues. After Black Kettle was recognized by the Society to be a full man, he married the woman Little Sage (Denver Public Library, 2020). He married into the Watusi tribe of Southern Cayenne. He would further go to marry four times and father at least seventeen children. Another of the wives was Sioux Woman, born in 1825 and died in 1928. Black Kettle and his people lived in the broad territory of the Southern Plains, which was a guarantee to them under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. During his life, he participated in various treaties and wars to bring peace to the Chayenne before dying on November 27, 1868.
In his youth, he grew to become a warrior that he subsequently rose to the chieftanship of the Whatipu band of Southern Cheyennes around 1861 (National Park Service, 2019). The white settlers extensively settled in the Great plains and the Western territories especially after the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush in 1859. This prompted the development of heightened tensions between the American government and the Western tribes over various resources such as water and game. Consequently, the government put up servations where the tribes were allowed to live and be protected. Black Kettle, who was the logical individual and peacemaker, was fully aware that the power of the United States Army would be engaged in negotiating some of the treaties.
Black Kettle entered into negotiations with the Colorado territorial government after tensions started to rise rapidly which actually led to the Colorado War (The American Battlefield Trust, n.d.). At the time, the situation had extremely esclatated with the Southern Cheyenne headliners and the allied Kiowa and Arapaho bands attacking the American settlements for livestock and supplies. They could, at times, take captives who were generally women and children to be adopted into their tribe to replace the lost members. In July 1865, Indians had killed a family of settlers. The whites termed this attack as the Hungate massacre and displayed the scarped bodies in Denver. John Evans, the Colorado governor, believed that the chiefs spearheaded the attack and wanted a full-scale war. Evans later issued a proclamation orderunh all friendly Indians of the Plans to report tothe military posts or risk being considered “hostile” (Gardner, 2006). Evans also sought and obtained authorization to set up the Third Colorado Cavalry to fight Cheyennes and Arapaho. Black Kettle however accepted Evans’s offer and engaged in negotiations. The peace settlement at Fort Weld outside Denver was hence concluded. This led many Black Kettle’s followers onto the government posts since there was now a promise for protection. The agreement was believed to assure safety to Black Kettle’s people.
Notably, the agreement was not upheld after the Sand Creek Massacre near Fort Lyon in November 1864. This massacre led to the death of 163 Cheyenne and Arapaho (The American Battlefield Trust, n.d.). During this attack, John Chivington led the Colorado Volunteer Militia to attack and destroy the Cheyenne Camp at Sand Creek. Black Kettle was startled by thegratuitious aggression but for peacemaking reasons, raised both the American and white flags. However, this was to no avail as the attackers’ men, women, and children. 500 Cheyenne was able to escape, including Black Kettle, but he lost his wife, who was shot several times. Black kettle, however, still believed that resistance was in vain and counseled pacifism (The American Battlefield Trust, n.d.). Black Kettle was focussed on achiveing peace hence asked his followers not to ratliate the massacre. The survivors were hence taken to the South Bank of the Arkansas River.
In October 1865, Black Kettle negotiated and signed the Treaty of Little Arkansas River that led the Cheyenne into the Indian territory of Oklahoma. However, this treaty had very little lasting value. The treaty set up a new reservation that mounted the boundary of Southern Kansas and the Indian territory in the present day, Oklahoma. The agreement also needed the Cheyenne to surrender all their old lands in Colorado and Kansas (Collins, 2010). Unfortunately, the confusing cause brought by the treaty permitted the Cheyenne to continue roaming and follow the buffalo until white settlers took control of the land. The treaty chiefs did not understand that they had ceded control of the land and believed that they could roam and follow the buffalo in Colorado and Kansas western provinces (Collins, 2010). Since many were not present at the council and were not aware of the agreement, this treaty would achieve minimal effect.
In 1867, Treaty of Medicine Lodge was signed by Black Kettle. This agreement entailed the individuals giving up their land along the Arkansas River in exchange for the Indian territory or rather Oklahoma. However, his people never received the promised annuities of food and supplies (Lookingbill, n.d.). Notably, Black Kettle’s tribal influence reduced steadily as the prominence of young, more hardline leaders grew who insisted on fighting the white settlers. These fights prompted the United States Army to order cavalry into Western Oklahoma, where Black Kettle was murdered among other 100 Cheyenne at Washita Creek in November 1868 (Lookingbill, n.d.). During the winter of 1868, Black Kettle led his people into the camp on Washita River and would again hang his flag. Colonel George Custer commanded 500 troopers from the 7th Cavalry in the early morning of November 27, 1868, to intrude the camp and murded several men, women, and children (The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2012). The attackers would also burn the Cheyenne lodges, the supplies of food for Winter and the buffalo robes together with slaughtering over 800 horses. Black Kettle was shot severally together with his wife, Medicine Woman, as they tried to flee the Battle of the Washita. Close to his death site, the Black Kettle Museum was set up to commemorate the peacemaker’s name, which is presently called the Cheyenne, Oklahoma.

References
Collins Jr, C. (2010). The Cheyenne Wars Atlas. Combat Studies Insitute Press Fort Leavenworth United States.
Denver Public Library. (2020, March 25). Black kettle (1807 – 1868). Denver Public Library History. https://history.denverlibrary.org/colorado-biographies/black-kettle-1807-1868
Gardner, M. L. (2006). Black Kettle: The Cheyenne Chief Who Sought Peace But Found War.
Lookingbill, B. D. (n.d.). Black Kettle. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=BL003.
National Park Service. (2019). Biography of Black kettle. NPS.gov (U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/sand/learn/historyculture/black-kettle-biography.htm
The American Battlefield Trust. (n.d.). Black kettle. American Battlefield Trust. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/black-kettle
The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. (2012). Indian Wars: The Battle of Washita, 1868. Retrieved from https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/04606_FPS.pdf

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