QUESTIONS When, where, and how did the folk spiritual develop? What are its key characteristics? In what context did the arranged spiritual emerge and what were its distinguishing characteristics? In what ways are these two forms alike? How do they differ? 2. Describe the character of worship services among Blacks in autonomous settings in the rural South during slavery. What aspects of the service were valued? How did these cultural values translate into song performance? 3. What is a ring shout? What are its key elements? Explain how the ring shout is an expression of both religious and cultural identity. 4. The growth of the spiritual in the North was fostered by the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. In what ways did Richard Allen’s leadership impact the development of spirituals among his congregants? What is the significance of the accounts of Black religious song in the early nineteenth century written by John Watson and Daniel Alexander Payne? 5- Compare and contrast the repertoire, performers, and performance contexts for folk and arranged spirituals. What factors contributed to the distinctions you identify?

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