The dialogue of the outcomes is introduced on this chapter. Extra particularly, it presents, the demographic information gathered, the male nurse’s perspective in selecting to be within the nursing career, their experiences as male nurses, and the stereotyping relating to males skilled within the career. Most significantly, this chapter of the thesis presents related literature that supported and disputed the outcomes discovered by the analysis. Additionally, the strengths and limitations of the examine are mentioned.
5.2 Demographic information
The thesis outcomes confirmed, in relation to the demographic information, that almost all, 28 nurses, or 80.7% of the male nurses had been between the ages of 20 to 35 years previous and that 32.2% labored for lower than 5 years. This information conformed to the info collected from a qualitative examine of Lou et. al., (2009), the place 83.eight% of the individuals had been underneath the age of 35 years, and 49.four% had been working for lower than 5 years.
The current outcomes revealed larger a part of the male nurse inhabitants was diploma holders (59%) and 26% baccalaureate graduates. These outcomes are just like Lou’s et. al., (2009), research carried out in Taiwan the place 47.1% of male nurses had been within the possession of an undergraduate diploma The thesis outcomes confirmed that male nurses normally labored in male wards (58%) and blended wards (42%) and by no means (zero%) in feminine wards. These blended or male wards included the emergency division, working room, pediatric space, psychiatry, medical space, and intensive care unit (LaRocco, 2007).
Equally, in Norway and different Western international locations, male nurses normally labored inside the well being sector’s restricted components such because the psychiatry and acute drugs ward and administration (Bakken 2001). When it comes to “speciality, 24% labored within the working rooms (Lou, et.al. 2009, p 905)”. The truth is, psychiatry is among the commonest fields the place 15% of all male nurses switch to (Abrahamsen, 2004). Moreover, Dassen et.al. (1990) discovered that in The Netherlands, males had been dominating” technical wards, and demanding care items”(p.367). It appears that evidently they wished to be concerned in much less female side of nursing. As Evans argues (1997), to compromise his popularity in patriarchal society, males in nursing develop totally different methods as to occupy administrative and elite specialty positions so as to defend themselves from the female picture of nursing .The most recent outcomes from UK reveal that “one third of the just about 100,000 nurses who’ve a psychological well being qualification are males” (Torjensen & Waters, 2010, p.21).
Within the 1960s, males weren’t allowed to enter the supply room and this nonetheless stays till at present. Although inequity is diminishing, conditions like these in areas such because the obstetrics and gynecology departments proceed (Chung, 2006). This may occasionally then be attributed as the first purpose why the examine outcomes discovered that zero% of the responses labored in feminine wards. Nonetheless, it’s value mentioning that in Malta, as much as the 1960’s feminine nurses had been excluded from the male wards (Camilleri, 1964).
5.three Challenges that male nurses encounter at work
The current findings indicated that roughly half of male nurses had been conscious of alternatives within the nursing career. With elevated postgraduate , pursuance of managerial positions is quick paced (O’Lynn & Tranberger, 2006, Marsland, et al, 2003) among the many male nurse respondents, and their propensity to earn extra is improved (Hader, 2005). Additionally, research discovered that it’s simpler or faster for males to accumulate prime managerial positions than their feminine counterparts (Kvande 1998, Hoel 1995). Equally, Abrahamsen (2002), findings confirmed that 70% of male nurses after twenty years from commencement had been in management place, and away from somatic wards. Moreover, Yang (2004) discovered that the male nurses’ future growth has extra potential as a result of their careers wouldn’t be disrupted by a maternity depart. As well as, an interview carried out by LaRocco (2007), confirms as one man said that “being a male in a predominantly feminine career units you as much as be acknowledged” (p.127).
In distinction, many of the respondents on this survey, or 61% disagreed that males in nursing are promoted rapidly, which isn’t within the settlement with the assertion of Williams (1992), that males in nursing are privileged minority which allows them to maneuver out of feminine dominated career by the “glass escalator” to essentially the most rewarded and revered jobs reserved just for males on this patriarchal society.
In relation to this, LaRocco’s (2007), examine confirmed that one man revealed his revenue to be “beneath $50,000, whereas three indicated that theirs was larger than $100,000 per yr (p.123)”. Nonetheless, the findings of Stoltenberg et.al.,(2008), recommend that” nursing must proceed to lift the bar pay, as a result of solely 46.67% of male nurses rated nursing as financially rewarding.” Therefore, these outcomes are in settlement with the thesis outcomes findings the place solely 32% of male nurses agreed that nursing gives good wage and advantages.
Regardless of these benefits, some males, nevertheless, discover inequities in different fields, like obstetrics and gynecology, which put appreciable strain on them (Williams 1995, Tseng 1997). Really, Hart (2005) discovered that 56% of male nurses had been seen as “muscle groups”(p.48), and “uncaring” by their feminine colleagues, simply due to their gender. This then places a pressure on how the female and male nurses talk with their colleagues (Hart, 2005).
Moreover, some research discovered that males understand that being in a predominantly feminine career brings a few low standing upon the male nurses (MacDougall, 1997; Williams, 1989). In Historical past of Nursing in Malta, throughout 19th Century, it was written that “the social class from which nurses had been recruited was illiterate and with none training”, and that the identical situations existed in different European international locations (Camilleri,1964). Additionally, labeling nursing as an extension of ladies’s home position devaluated career in relation to male occupation. Though this picture is altering, many unfavourable photographs nonetheless persist. Additional nonetheless, in relation to the slight improve of males within the nursing career, uneven numbers of male nurses are leaving in comparison with feminine nurses attributable to poor respect from their colleagues, job dissatisfaction and issues arising in a predominantly feminine career (Sochalski, 2002).
Nonetheless, outcomes on this analysis revealed that majority, or 88%of respondents disagreed that males in nursing really feel insecure as a result of it’s a feminine dominated career. Findings on this thesis recommend that male nurses in Malta don’t really feel as they’re ‘crossing segregated work boundaries’, and ‘infiltrate’ in feminine area (Bagilhole &Cross 2006, p.35). Along with, 71% of males in nursing on this survey expressed that they’re happy with the work they do. As one respondent wrote ” nursing is a male’s career as the opposite career or jobs are”. Therefore, this end result tally with findings of Rochlen et. al., (2009) the place males employed as nurses had been happy with their work in non-traditional profession. In response to Avery (2007), regardless of the female picture in nursing, “nursing is career for everybody”, attributable to the truth that males had been current in nursing since 250 B.C when “males-only nursing faculties opened in India”(p.1). They continued taking part in an essential position in nursing (Meadus, 2000), till Florence Nightingale said that “Each girl is a nurse”, establishing nursing as just one gender career.(Fitzerald, 2007), and portraying the presence of the boys nurse on this career as an “anomaly”(Meadus, 2000, p.6).
5.four Respondent’s motivation for selecting a historically feminine career
The current findings indicated that 48% or fifteen male nurses select the nursing career to assist others. As one male nurse replied there may be “nothing higher than with the ability to assist individuals”, and ” bringing smile to others”. Nonetheless, 16% or 5 respondents said that the “cash stored them within the career”. These outcomes coincide nicely with earlier research of Bartlett et.al.,(1999) the place altruism and job satisfaction, somewhat than extrinsic rewards, have been discovered to be the principle motivating issue for male nurses. Moreover, Larocco’s (2007) examine confirmed that eight males particularly said that connecting with sufferers and aiding individuals are essential components when nursing is taken into account. One participant additionally added that “I simply considered nursing as caring for sufferers” (LaRocco, 2007, p.126).
Furthermore, based on Boughn (1994), Brown and Srones (1971), Bush (1976), Garvin (1976), Mannino (1963) and Perkins et al. (1993), interplay with sufferers and serving to individuals are essential causes in selecting nursing. Even Taylor et al. (1983), Skevington & Dawkes, (1988), Galbraith, (1991), Cyr, (1992), Kelly, et al (1996), MacDougall, (1997) instructed that caring for others and having the need to be of assistance is a principal issue for males in selecting a profession in nursing.
Household and associates additionally served because the motivation for the ensuing 26% or eight of the male nurses who took half on this thesis survey. Optimistic household affect, like a nurse relative, a mom who’s a nurse, grew to become a very good motivation for males. Furthermore, in La Rocco’s (2007) examine, 5 of the interviewees had a mom nurse. This response was discovered to be just like the outcomes of this thesis the place three males had a mom nurse, and surprisingly one respondent had each dad and mom working as nurses. Additionally, these findings conformed to the info collected from a qualitative analysis of Whittock et. al., (2003), the place optimistic affect, for many individuals, on selecting nursing as a profession comes from the dad and mom, particularly moms who labored in nursing sector or different healthcare career. Additionally, associates who gave optimistic reactions helped with their profession selection of being a nurse (LaRocco, 2007). Eleven males in LaRocco’s (2007) examine, claimed that their household was very happy with their profession selection.
In distinction, some males had been discouraged by each household and associates, to enter the sphere of nursing and different medical fields (LaRocco, 2007). As present in a examine carried out within the UK, solely 12% of the male nurses stated that their dad and mom had been blissful about their profession selection (Skevington & Dawkes, 1988). Abrahamsen (2004), additionally said that the majority males who resolve to qualify as a nurse discover themselves problematic as a result of the choice to turn out to be a nurse causes household and pal’s disbelief and shock. In a society the place nursing is seen as a feminine career, fairly often household and associates ask, ‘You need to be a nurse? Why not a health care provider?’ I assume they really feel that historically males are docs and females are nurses.”( Chung, 2006, p.1).
Aside from that, ten % of the male nurses who served because the respondents for this examine said that their motivation was good pay and safety. It appears that evidently nursing in Malta, based on the info collected from the survey, is being” one of many final safe job posts”, as one respondent replied. Moreover, Yang (2004), interviewed a person who said “Someday I observed an announcement within the newspaper which stated, ‘Male nurses earn as a lot as NT$ 50,000 per thirty days’, so I put ‘nursing division’ down on my type as my selection” (Yang, 2004, p.645). As well as, LaRocco (2007), additionally had a dialogue with a male nurse who said “I knew I might at all times have a job, [and] I did it for a gradual job that I might deal with” (LaRocco, 2007, p.125 ). Most significantly, Boughn (1994) discovered that cash and job safety had been two main motivations for selecting nursing. Alternatively, Simpson (2005), discovered a number of causes that inspire males to “search” a non-traditional profession, and one among them was” that the majority weren’t searching for entry”(p.365). They entered female-dominated occupations nearly by”default” in that they weren’t actively searching for such entry, however merely ‘fell into it’.(Williams & Villemez’s s, 1993 p. 66.)These outcomes are in settlement with the outcomes on this examine the place, three or 10% of respondents couldn’t give the explanation for selecting nursing as a profession, which suggests, as discovered beforehand, that “they weren’t actively searching for such job however merely fell into it, both by means of availability or comfort”(Simpson , 2005, p.365).
Lastly, the least proportion of participant said that they thought-about nursing as a final resort and one even stated: “I didn’t get accepted by any faculty apart from that nursing one, so it was my solely selection, and I studied there” (Yang 2004, p.645). The findings on this thesis revealed that two nurses or 6% didn’t produce other profession alternative, which helps the earlier analysis outcomes of Yang (2004). The findings additionally confirmed that these nurses had been age over 40 and with working expertise of greater than 20 years. These two respondents said that “concern to vary”, and “lack of a very good alternative” the place the explanations for remaining in nursing career.
5.5 Perceived stereotypes of males in nursing
Along with the issue that nursing is a feminine career, male nurses additionally must face the issue of overcoming the stereotype that they’re homosexual or effeminate (Williams, 1995). A few of the stereotypes that these male nurse must cope with had been introduced within the thesis outcomes that 52% of male nurses weren’t embarrassed of their selection of career. These outcomes are just like the findings of Hart (2005), the place 40% of respondents typically really feel “awkward or defensive when requested about their career”(p.47). In response to the thesis outcomes, many of the respondents or 64% strongly disagreed that males in nursing are being questioned if they’re a ‘actual males’. Moreover, 77% disagreed that males in nursing are too homosexual or female. These findings revealed that they aren’t in settlement with the outcomes of a number of research which have discovered supporting information relating to these stereotypes. For instance, due to inequities, male nurses’ sexuality is normally questioned and they’re labelled as homosexuals (Kelly, et al, 1996). Furthermore, Wingfield additionally reported that males in nursing contemplate themselves as victims of homophobic abuse, with a respondent even claiming that “I’ve been known as terrible things-you faggot this, you faggot that” (2009, p.23). Moreover, Harding (2007), explored “discourses which stereotyped or labeled male nurses as homosexual and conflate homosexuals and sexual predators”(p.639). Additionally Harding (2007) reported that majority of males in nursing are heterosexual however public notion remains to be that the majority male nurses are homosexual. This stereotype persists solely generally nursing, males working as psychiatric nurses are perceived as masculine attributable to want of bodily energy. Though society is turning into extra snug with males as nurses, almost half or 48% of the respondents skilled the stereotype that males select nursing as a result of they did not enter a medical course.
Due to the conditions and stereotypes, a extra critical stereotypical perception was shaped that male nurses are usually not acceptable caregivers (Evans, 2002). Really, totally different societal norms have created ideas of caring as one thing that’s not included in masculine photographs of males, and that caring falls underneath a feminine conception (Evans, 2002). Evans (2002) came upon that for males nurses” touching sufferers is probably harmful”, and that males are “weak caregivers”(p. 7). Comparable outcomes had been discovered by Abrahamsen (2004), the place male nurses had been minority in somatic wards attributable to the truth that they had been pressurized by their family and friends to use for extra ‘masculine jobs or search a management positions’, as a result of it’s not pure for males to undertake intimate nursing duties (p.12).
Gender stereotyping creates a compound and conflicting state of affairs of rejection, acceptance and doubt for male nurses’ skill as caregivers and nurturers (Evans, 2002). Thus, as a tragic impact of this, and to keep away from tight conditions, some male nurses alter their caring rules and nursing roles (Egeland & Brown, 1989; Kauppinen-Toropainen & Lammi, 1993). Although, research of Ekstrom (1999) resulted that male nurses exhibit decrease caring behaviours, they generally, don’t impact the care given to the sufferers. As Mac Doughall (1997) said, man do have skill to care, however they have to be proven how. (p.813). Currently, society is turning into extra snug with males as nurses. As Cyr (1992), said, “the artwork and science of nursing has not at all times been a predominantly feminine career”(p.54).
5.6 Conclusion
In all, this chapter has introduced a dialogue of the findings of the examine. The varied demographic profiles of the respondents, the explanations for selecting nursing, the experiences, and the stereotypes amongst male nurses in Malta had been introduced, with subsequent shows of different related research. On the finish of the evaluation and dialogue, it was discovered that numerous associated literatures, each previous and new, confirmed the outcomes of the examine, whereas there have been just a few others that disputed it. Total, the findings instructed that males employed in nursing, are simply as dedicated to the career as girls.
5.7 Strengths and Limitations of the examine
It must be famous that this examine has a number of limitations and strengths. Firstly, the chosen pattern doesn’t signify male nurses as an entire. The male nurses that work in Gozo, and different totally different hospitals in Malta weren’t included on this analysis. Furthermore, a passable response charge (88.6%) helped strengthen the end result of the examine.
Nonetheless, the aim of the examine was not meant to permit generalisation among the many male nurses working in numerous hospitals in Malta and Gozo.
Secondly, a self- administered questionnaire was used to gather information, and thus all information that had been used on this examine had been self-reported. Though the questions for the survey had been fastidiously chosen and modified by the researcher studying an in depth literature particularly Smith (2008), evidently among the respondents didn’t perceive that their sexual orientation was not questioned, however solely idea of gender stereotype. To keep away from related misunderstandings, in future research, a spotlight group design technique might contribute to clarify the motivation for selecting nursing as a career, and profession growth of male nurses in a feminine dominated career.
The somewhat excessive response charge of 88.5% indicated that male nurses had been curious about topic, and this helped strengthen the end result of the examine. Though on this examine, the analysis software was a questionnaire, some qualitative information had been additionally obtained.
Regardless of being time restricted previous to particular deadlines, this examine has educated and motivated the researcher to grasp extra nursing as a science.
Though this examine was purely quantitative, some findings supplied invaluable details about male nurses in a feminine dominated career. Additional qualitative analysis might give clearer image about the actual perceptions of males in nursing, and set up the extent to which the findings from this analysis will be utilized in additional basic context. The following chapter shall conclude this dissertation with advice for additional analysis, and implications in nursing.
