Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Nola J. Pender founded Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM). It advocates for the best behavior to promote good health. Examples of HPM include; supporting breastfeeding, promoting proper nutrition, preventing injuries, encouraging physical exercise, and discouraging cigarette smoking.
HPM concentrates on three areas; individual characteristics, behavioral influences, and outcomes. It understands that people possess different traits and experiences that influence their acts. HPM aims to help nurses understand the underlying cause of persons’ actions and form a basis during counseling to mold health-promoting behavior.
Its overall goal is to improve the wellbeing of the patient and thus reduce medical costs. Fatemiyeh hospital applied HPM among obese women, and it produced positive outcomes. The model assumes that; individuals control their actions, transform the environment and vice versa, and nurses are part of the interpersonal context.
There are perceived and real barriers to achieving the desired behavior. Self-efficacy helps overcome these barriers. It is the ability to arrange and execute health-promoting actions. Positive emotions and influence also promote commitment to the practice. The interpersonal environment, which includes family, friends, and nurses, plays a role in increasing or decreasing engagement to achieve the desired action. When the expected outcome has an attached value, patients are likely to commit to it.
Situational influences also affect commitment. The commitment determines the ability to achieve the desired outcome. Personal factors also help in predicting certain behaviors; they include biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. Biological is related to body physique. They include; age, gender, weight, strength, and puberty status.
Psychological factors focus on the mental states such as the perceived mental states, self-motivation, and esteem. Socio-cultural entails financial status, race, education, and ethnic group.
Perceived benefits are the expected positive outcomes of HPM. The activity-related effect is the feeling toward the model, whether negative or positive. Competing preferences are the alternative behaviors that the person is trying to suppress. Five essential strategies can make HPM successful. They include; creating a supportive environment, adjusting health services, supporting community action, establishing sound public policy, and developing personal skills.
There are four ways to achieve health promotion; behavior change, medication, provision of education, and societal change. HPM defines health as a positive dynamic state. It acknowledges that individuals are multidimensional, and they interact with the environment differently. HPM improves peoples’ quality of life. Nola J. Pender borrowed some aspects of HPM from Bandura’s social cognitive theory, whereby the environment plays a significant role in shaping the behavior of an individual.
References
Johnson, Joy L., et al. “An exploration of Pender’s health promotion model using LISREL.” Nursing Research 42.3 (1993): 132-138.
Khodaveisi, M., Omidi, A., Farokhi, S., & Soltanian, A. R. (2017). The effect of Pender’s health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. International journal of community-based nursing and midwifery, 5(2), 165.
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