1. Within the technique of state transformation, such because the emergence of recent political areas past the territorial nation state, ‘relocation of politics’ from the state to worldwide and sub-national organizations, diffusion of political energy from public authorities to semi-public and personal actors, and de-legitimization of the state (disaster of the welfare state, state failures, lack of efficiency), the previous ‘paradigm’ of top-down, state-led, command & management methods of steering the states has been changed by the brand new types of governance and coverage devices: network-like preparations of private and non-private actors, self-regulation by enterprise organizations, public-private and civic-private partnerships, and so forth have emerged (Arts, 2005, p. 2). Many students check with this as a ‘shift from authorities to governance’ which is usually known as ‘international governance’ within the examine of worldwide relations (Ibid.,p three). This new idea of world governance invariably consists of the relevance of non-state actors (NSAs) for governing international points.
2. With the proliferation of non-state actors in Worldwide Politics,..the standard Westphalian nation-state is experiencing an erosion of energy and sovereignty (Non-state actors, 2010). This ultimately undermines the state’s monopoly of the usage of pressure in addition to the monopoly on elevating taxes and revenues which critically limit the efficient efficiency of fundamental capabilities of the sovereign nation state. [1] This may not solely result in further humanitarian disasters, however create tangible safety issues and governance failures on the native, regional and on the international degree.
three. Non-State Actors have emerged in worldwide relations as vital actors. They’re limiting the authorities being loved by sovereign nation-state beneath state-centric worldwide relations primarily based on ideas of Westaphalian system. [2] By weakening states, NSAs are establishing themselves at home in addition to worldwide degree.
four. At current world order, worldwide safety appears to be influenced by NSAs at unprecedented degree. The varied vary of non-state actors performs a novel position within the altering dominion of worldwide safety in several method, both positively or negatively. Actually the assorted sorts of non-state actors like Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), Non Governmental Organizations (NGO), Multinational Companies (MNCs) and personal safety corporations, and Violent Non-State Actors (VNSAs) could exert their power in several method in an effort to affect the worldwide relations of 21st century there by affecting the worldwide safety as an entire. With the intention to perceive the diploma, nature, and gravity of affect, the most important NSAs have been exerting on worldwide safety, their position in worldwide relations have to be explored.
METHODOLOGY
Assertion of the issue
three. To grasp and discover the diploma, nature, and gravity of affect, the most important non-state actors have been exerting on worldwide safety.
Speculation
four. The NSAs are the vital gamers of worldwide relations and so they affect worldwide safety to a larger extent. The diploma and nature of affect exerted by numerous non-state actors shouldn’t be similar. It’s mainly rely upon the intention and functionality of the person non-state actor.
Justification of The Research
5. In publish chilly conflict period, worldwide safety appears to be influenced by NSAs at an unprecedented degree. The position that the NSAs play within the worldwide safety area has come to the discover of many solely after the assaults of September 11th. The non-state actors are available numerous sizes and shapes starting from Intergovernmental group, non governmental group, Transnational firms, terrorist and numerous felony organizations and so forth. This various assortment of NSAs, with totally different intentions and capabilities, every performs totally different and distinctive position within the worldwide relations. This examine will attempt to discover the position of NSAs in worldwide relations in an effort to perceive the diploma, nature, and gravity of affect that the most important NSAs have been exerting on worldwide safety.
Scope
6. Each examine and analysis won’t be free from some weak point and disadvantages. The examine is restricted to sure boundaries for which future new researcher will attempt to discover out the very fact in additional element. The scope of the examine is restricted to the exploration of the affect of main NSAs on worldwide safety. NSAs, most lively in addition to with the strategic affect on worldwide relations have been chosen for the examine. On this examine, ‘worldwide safety’ has been mentioned from the ‘conventional safety’ standpoint. The ‘conventional safety’ idea refers back to the realist assemble of safety through which the referent object of safety is the state.
Analysis Methodology
7. Because of the nature of the subject material the analysis is predicated on the documentary sources. Printed supplies within the type of books, journal article, dissertations, and studies primarily collected from digital sources, largely web, have been used as secondary sources for this analysis.
Group of the Dissertation
eight. It’s proposed to check the topic within the following method:
(a) Chapter I: Introduction. The topic can be launched broadly. Equally the need to hold out the analysis and the target to be achieved from the examine can be highlighted. This chapter additionally consists of the limitation of the examine, strategies adopted and the preview of the examine.
(b) Chapter II:Non State Actors and Worldwide Safety. The detailed Idea of non-state actors and its position at current day world order might be highlighted. Temporary background of non-state actors, its relevance at current day context and the varied assortment of non-state entities may even be briefly introduced out. Lastly essentially the most influential non-state actors in worldwide relations in framing the worldwide safety might be recognized for additional dialogue.
(c) Chapter III: Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) as Non State Actors. This half would convey out numerous vital intergovernmental organizations presently lively on the earth politics. Arguments can be made to qualify these intergovernmental organizations as non-state actors and on the finish their contribution in worldwide safety might be introduced out intimately.
(d) Chapter IV: Violent Non State Actors (VNSAs) and Worldwide Safety. This half will spotlight the position and significance of the violent non-state actors in worldwide safety. In doing so firstly the violent non-state actors are clearly outlined and out of many violent non-state actors solely related and most influential violent non-state actors can be chosen for additional dialogue.
(e) Chapter V: Worldwide Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) and Multinational Company (MNCs) as Worldwide Gamers. On this portion the argument can be made to research significance of the Worldwide Nongovernmental Organizations and Multinational Companies in driving the worldwide relations of 21st century. Lastly some conclusions might be drawn relating to the position being performed by Worldwide Nongovernmental Organizations and Multinational Companies in shaping the worldwide safety.
(e) Chapter VI: Conclusion. Based mostly on the arguments made within the numerous chapters a logical conclusion can be drawn in figuring out the diploma, nature, and gravity of affect, the most important non-state actors have been exerting on worldwide safety.
CHAPTER II
NON STATE ACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
9. In keeping with Wikipedia, on-line encyclopedia, “Non-State Actors, in worldwide relations, are actors on the worldwide degree which aren’t states.” (Non-state actors, 2010). In Bas Arts’ definition, they “..are all these actors that aren’t (representatives of) states, but that function on the worldwide degree and which are probably related to worldwide relations” (2005, p. four). Citing Josselin & Wallace (2001), Joanna Szalacha’s defines NSA as “..a company largely autonomous from central authorities funding and management, it acts between the trendy states inside the networks, which extends throughout many borders” (n.d., p. three).
10. First two of above talked about definitions are easy and imagine that solely an actor, primarily not a state, lively in addition to influential at worldwide degree, might be a NSA. Szalacha appears to be accepting that a transnational actor targeted to a state may be a NSA. Saying ‘largely autonomous from central authorities’, she doesn’t negate the potential for some hyperlink between NSA and state. Abram Paley is worried concerning the strategic position or impact of an actor to qualify itself as a NSA. After discussing a number of definitions, he summarizes an ‘inclusive definition’ of strategic NSA with ‘two important parts’:
(a) any actor that participates on the worldwide stage or impacts worldwide interplay, however shouldn’t be a part of the home state construction, and (b) an actor-not an issue-that has the frequent attributes with which all actors in Frequent game-theoretic fashions are endowed-i.e. preferences, beliefs, methods, and so forth. (Paley, 2008, p. 33).
11. From these totally different definitions of NSAs, following might be concluded:
NSAs are autonomous from states or don’t characterize the states or governments however could have some hyperlink with sure state(s).
NSAs function at worldwide or minimal transnational degree.
NSAs strategically affect worldwide relations.
12. There are totally different classifications of NSAs; Desk 1 reveals three of them by Paley (2008, p. 29), Ataman (2003, p. 45) and Arts (2005, p. four). Though, there are nice similarities in all these three classifications, all writers point out that their classification shouldn’t be the entire one. Paley says his classification is out of ‘some frequent instance’ and NSAs usually are not restricted to them, whereas Ataman’s record of 5 NGOs is those which he believes are of ‘simpler sorts’.
13. There are forms of actors apart from state and it’s troublesome to seek out one in every of such actors with out some type of worldwide or transnational connection in current context of globalization. Due to this fact, one could provide you with extra sorts of NSA than that’s talked about right here. For instance, Wikipedia in its classification of NSAs, other than these frequent ones, has additionally included the worldwide media, and transnational Diaspora communities (Violent non-state actors, 2010). It has grouped NSAs utilizing violence as ‘Violent NSA’ however not included IGOs. Relating to, VNSA, it’s a frequent apply to deal with all NSAs which use unlawful violence as their means. There’s a lack of consensus on the problem of IGOs; one college of thought believes that a company shaped and collectively participated by the states can’t be termed as a NSA. [3] As per the definition and diploma in addition to gravity of their strategic affect on worldwide relations, one can draw the conclusion that the most important NSAs might be labeled into 4 teams, specifically IGOs, VNSAs, INGOs, and MNCs.
Abram W Paley
Muhittin Ataman
Bas Arts
Worldwide Terrorist Organizations.
Worldwide Felony Organizations.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Grassroots Activists.
Worldwide Establishments and Inter-governmental Organizations.
Multi-national Companies.
Particular person Actors.
Worldwide Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs).
Transnational or Worldwide Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs).
Multinational Companies (MNCs).
Nationwide Liberation Actions (NLMs).
Epistemic Communities.
Non secular and Humanitarian Organizations.
Terrorist Teams and Drug Traffickers (Narco-Terrorists).
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs).
Worldwide Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs).
Company Curiosity Teams (CIGs) and Transnational Companies (TNCs),
Epistemic Communities (ECs).
a the rest class (together with terrorist networks, skilled organizations, scouts, church buildings, and so forth.).
Desk 1: Completely different Classifications of NSAs
14. NSAs appeared at worldwide degree as a bunch of social actors since 1980s and by 1990s, these organizations have gained energy and elevated affect on public establishments and totally different states’ agendas (Szalacha, n.d., p. three). However NSAs usually are not fully new phenomena; “..the Hanseatic League monopolized commerce on the Baltic Sea between the 13th and 17th centuries, the extremely highly effective East India Firm was based in 1600, European haute finance was a significant contributor to the relative peace of the 19th century, and the Pink Cross dates to the 1860s” (NIC, 2007). In keeping with Ataman, “The proliferation of non-state actors has just lately led some observers of worldwide relations to conclude that states are declining in significance and that non-state actors are gaining standing and affect” (2003, p. 42). Quoting Miller, Ataman additional says, “The expansion of so many sorts of non-state actors challenges and even weakens the ‘state-centric’ idea of worldwide politics and replaces it with a ‘transnational’ system through which relationships are extra advanced. These organizations modified the worldwide surroundings (Ibid.). A report says, “A globalization-fueled diffusion of finance and expertise has enabled non-state actors to encroach upon capabilities historically carried out by nation-states, facilitating their evolution into types exceptional even a number of years in the past” (NIC, 2007).
15. The NSAs have emerged in worldwide relations as equal because the nation-states. It could compel states to undertake ‘extra advanced transnational system’ however in actuality, NSAs rise has larger affect in worldwide relations. NSAs have modified the general conventional idea of worldwide relations, primarily based on the ideas of Westphalian system of sovereign states, as Schwartz writes, “The affect of non-state actors on this globalized world is certainly stronger than at any level for the reason that Westphalia system of state sovereignty was established in 1648” (n.d.).
16. Worldwide safety is essentially the most influenced facet of the altering development of worldwide relations as a result of rise of NSAs. Underneath the standard idea of worldwide relations, worldwide safety is maintained by means of two sorts of organizations: classical collective safety group and defensive safety group. The primary sort of group is designed to advertise worldwide safety by means of regulating the conduct of its member states, whereas defensive safety group is to guard a bunch of states from threats emanating from a difficult state or group of states. (Gleason & Shaihutdinov, 2005, p. 274). In current context, the position of conventional collective safety organizations has expanded, if not modified; these organizations have been remodeled into NSAs as intergovernmental organizations. Equally, defensive safety organizations have misplaced their enchantment in current unipolar world order; however risk of violent NSAs for them has changed that of formidable rival state or group of states.
17. Non-State Actors have emerged in worldwide relations as vital actors. They’re limiting the authorities being loved by sovereign nation-state beneath state-centric worldwide relations primarily based on ideas of Westaphalian system. By weakening states, NSAs are establishing themselves at home in addition to worldwide degree and so they affect the worldwide safety to a larger extent. The diploma and nature of affect could fluctuate from one NSA to different; it might be constructive or detrimental in addition to at giant or small scale. No matter position the most important NSAs are enjoying in worldwide relations, must be studied in an effort to discover their affect in worldwide safety.
CHAPTER III
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS NSAs
Defining IGOs
18. The time period official internet web page of Harvard College defines IGOs as an entity created by treaty, involving two or extra nations, to work in good religion, on problems with frequent curiosity. Within the absence of a treaty an IGO doesn’t exist within the authorized sense. For instance, the G8 is a bunch of eight nations which have annual financial and political summits. IGOs which are shaped by treaties are extra advantageous than a mere grouping of countries as a result of they’re topic to worldwide regulation and have the flexibility to enter into enforceable agreements amongst themselves or with states. (Harvard Legislation College 2010, “Intergovernmental Organizations”)
19. The primary functions of IGOs had been to create a mechanism for the world’s inhabitants to work extra efficiently collectively within the areas of peace and safety, and in addition to take care of financial and social questions. On this present period of accelerating globalization and interdependence of countries, IGOs have come to play a really vital position in worldwide political techniques and international governance.
20. The variety of IGOs is troublesome to find out, however estimates vary from 270 to greater than 1000. They cowl a number of points and contain governments from each area of the world. Among the many oldest IGOs are the United Nations, which changed the League of Nations, the Common Postal Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Group (NATO). Different well-known IGOs are the European Union (EU), the Group of Petroleum Exporting Nations (OPEC), the African Growth Financial institution (ADB) and the World Commerce Group (WTO).
21. Because the creation of the UN and NATO, IGOs have grow to be important actors within the worldwide safety. IGOs, such because the UN and the EU, have the flexibility to make guidelines and train energy inside their member international locations, their international affect continues to extend.
22. Ataman cites Miller to outline IGOs as “..voluntary associations of sovereign states established to pursue many aims for which states need to cooperate by means of type of formal construction and to which states are unable to comprehend by themselves” (Ataman, 2003, p. 43). Sovereign states set up IGOs by means of a treaty [4] and settle for its authority to make selections relating to specific issues for frequent profit. In different phrases, the states voluntarily surrender sovereignty to an IGO in an effort to obtain frequent safety, cooperation for collective items, financial rearwards and political affect.
23. In Ataman’s view IGOs might be labeled by their scope (international and regional) or by their operate (political, financial, social and environmental) (Ibid.). Wikipedia has labeled them as worldwide international organizations, regional organizations, Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, spiritual, or historic organizations, Financial organizations, organizations for collective safety or mutual protection provisions (Intergovernmental group, 2010). Amongst these organizations United Nations (UN) and its specialised businesses in addition to some regional organizations akin to European Union (EU) and collective safety group akin to NATO play vital position in worldwide safety (Ibid.).
Varieties of IGOs
24. IGOs are sometimes organized by their membership and by their function. For instance, the UN is named a world group as a result of all international locations are allowed membership. There are at the moment 192 member states within the UN. Some IGOs are regional and restrict their membership to states inside the designated areas. Different IGOs are known as selective organizations as a result of they base their membership on standards apart from geography. The Group of the Islamic Convention, for instance, bases its membership on spiritual affiliation. OPEC, alternatively, is comprised solely of nations that produce oil. Specialised IGOs, akin to NATO, restrict their actions to a selected area. Common IGOs have experience on all kinds of matters. The UN can also be a common IGO as it’s concerned in a variety of points, together with safety, poverty discount, well being, telecommunications, worldwide felony justice, human rights, financial growth, and environmental safety (Ibid.).
Function in Worldwide Relations and Results on Worldwide Safety
25. Quoting a number of constructivist views, Susan Park writes. IGOs “..are norm diffusers or transmitters inside the worldwide realm; instructing states their pursuits” (Park, 2004). They “..do that by means of establishing regimes, forming worldwide agendas, setting up discourse, implementing guidelines, and mediating between states” (Ibid.) Park believes that these vital roles “..present the importance of those organizations because the ‘glue’ of the worldwide state system, binding states collectively in numerous regimes” (Ibid.). She argues that the IGOs “.. act as official gate-keepers, figuring out which non-state actors and teams inside civil society are deemed reliable, thus de-legitimizing others, thereby shutting the latter out of the worldwide governance construction” (Ibid.).
26. IGOs are the principle instruments of world governance in true sense; and they’re reliable NSAs. They’re liable for collective safety and protection, and so they have been contributing rather a lot for the upkeep of worldwide safety. IGOs, shaped out of frequent pursuits of the member states, preserve worldwide safety or stability by conserving member states united. Alternatively, particularly collective protection oriented IGOs preserve stability with rival state or group of states.
27. UN is the important thing participant of worldwide relations in current context. The first mission of UN is to take care of worldwide peace and safety. [5] To meet its mission UN has a powerful mandate which it workout routines by means of the Safety Council. Since its inception, UN has repeatedly been making an attempt to stop conflicts, maintain and implement peace, and disarmament in addition to proliferation of WMDs.
28. Regional organizations are additionally taking massive steps, particularly on the sphere of Human Safety. EU is unifying total Europe, which now’s unlikely to spark different Nice Warfare. Unified Europe can preserve a stability with some other energy which can emerge in future. Nonetheless, regional alliances for complete safety are changing the standard navy alliances; NATO continues to be efficient. NATO, the one remaining main protection group after the disintegration of former Soviet Union and demise of rival Warsaw Pact, is not any extra involved for stability of energy, however it’s nonetheless vital for US and its allies for his or her protection. NATO is instrumental for US led ‘Warfare on Terror’ in Afghanistan.
Criticism
29. The position performed by IGOs on the worldwide degree shouldn’t be out of controversy. There’s all the time a query mark over their effectiveness. Some students argue that there drawback lies on the basic construction and altered position of IGOs, primarily safety organizations; in response to Gleason & Shaihutdinov,
All through the world, the most important inter-state safety organizations proceed to be primarily Westphalian in nature. They assume the primacy of state actors. Whereas collective safety organizations have re-focused to their aims to confront challenges emanating from under the extent of the nation-state, they haven’t but reorganized their operational packages to attain these targets. (2005, pp. 274-275)
30. IGOs like UN have been blamed as instrument for highly effective international locations to impose their precept on the weak international locations. “..the UN Safety Council can’t settle for any choice towards the pursuits of the 5 everlasting members and people of their allies, i.e., the UN Safety Council selections on the Palestinian query towards Israel have typically been vetoed by the US” (Ataman, 2003, pp. 44-45). The steadiness achieved on the price of a state’s ideas couldn’t be lengthy lasting; because it creates discontent and hatred among the many folks, which might be the seed of a future battle.
31. Different IGOs, akin to WTO and IMF, have been criticized for his or her position in globalization. Many individuals imagine that globalization additional weakens the weaker nation-states whereas sturdy states take most profit out of it. The growing hole between highly effective states and weak states can regularly cause them to a battle, jeopardizing worldwide safety.
Overview
32. Safety all the time places its stakeholders beneath a dilemma; states have to assume rationally whereas becoming a member of organizations or alliances. Barry Buzan portrays an image of such dilemma in following phrases:
Safety can’t be achieved by both people or states appearing solely on their very own behalf. Some collective measures are mandatory among the many members of the system if every is to attain safety. Simply as safety can’t be achieved by particular person actors, neither can or not it’s created by concentrating all powers and duty on the higher ranges. When such focus occurs, as we have now seen within the case of people and the states, the collective establishment turns into main supply of risk to these smaller actors it was supposed to guard. (1987, p. 253)
33. Schwartz’s following view on UN displays significance of such IGOs amid their very own drawbacks,
Whereas the UN is definitely not the perfect establishment for worldwide safety – just because it’s the sum of its components, states – the world would undoubtedly be much more insecure with out it. There is no such thing as a different discussion board on the earth through which each state that needs can take part. The implication of this shouldn’t be underestimated. Communication is crucial for averting crises. And there’s no different group on the earth with as broad and sweeping a mandate because the UN (Schwartz, n.d.).
34. The criticism of IGOs, uncovered drawbacks and their doubtless penalties usually are not baseless accusations, however these wants be sorted out by means of reforms. As the important thing actors of world governance, IGOs play most important position on regulating worldwide relations and make enormous constructive contribution to the upkeep of worldwide safety.
CHAPTER IV
VIOLENT NON-STATE ACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Common
35. Even a cursory international survey means that violent non-state actors (VNSA s) have grow to be a pervasive problem to nation-states. Within the 21st century, the state monopoly of the usage of pressure is more and more being diminished to a handy fiction. No nation state is freed from VNSAs. Comparatively few of the sovereign states can actually declare a monopoly of pressure inside their territorial borders.
36. Probably the most hanging options of VNSAs is their sheer selection. This implies that there’s some hazard in lumping them collectively beneath a single rubric. But, it’s clear from the previous evaluation that they do have sure issues in frequent: all of them emerge in response to inadequacies, deficiencies or shortcomings in lots of states and to 1 diploma or one other search to compensate for these shortcomings. On the similar time, there are vital variations in motivation, function, energy constructions and the like. One of many risks, nevertheless, is that they’ll more and more type alliances with each other. There are definitely examples of linkages between organized crime and terrorist networks.
Figuring out VNSAs
37. VNSAs are these NSAs which use illegitimate violence as their means, they is perhaps having some hyperlinks with a state(s), and their goal might be political or financial. In Ulrich Schneckener’s view VNSAs armed non-state actors keen and ready to make use of violence for pursuing their aims, and never built-in into formalized state establishments (Schneckener, 2006, p. 25). Following assertion portrays a element image of VNSAs:
VNSA are a definite type of non-state actor, which distinguishes them from police forces and militaries. It’s their use of collective violence that the majority clearly distinguishes Sendero from Starbucks, however their targets and strategies additionally contribute to their illegitimacy. They’re illegitimate vis-à-vis the classical state system partly as a result of the essence of being a state is having a monopoly on the reliable use of violence. By definition, VNSA resort not solely to random or opportunistic aggression, however to collective violence as a instrument to attain targets. Collective violence is actually an extension of collective motion, which is coordinated motion by the members of the group in pursuit of frequent ends. (Bartolomei, Casebeer, & Thomas, 2004)
38. Williams says “Probably the most hanging options of VNSA s is their sheer selection. This implies that there’s some hazard in lumping them collectively beneath a single rubric” (2008, p. 17). VNSAs might be discovered being handled individually or as a bunch on the examine of NSAs. Desk 2 reveals two totally different groupings of VNSAs by Ulrich Schneckener (Schneckener, 2006) and Phil Wiiliams (2008). Nonetheless, there isn’t a vital distinction between these two groupings; on the idea of diploma of exercise in addition to affect at worldwide degree, solely terrorist organizations, insurgents, organized felony teams, and personal safety businesses or non-public navy firms (PMCs) might be thought of as main VNSA for this examine.
Ulrich Schneckener
Phil Williams
Rebels or guerrilla fighters
Militias or paramilitaries
Clan chiefs or massive males
Warlords
Terrorists
Criminals
Mercenaries and personal safety firms
Marauders
Warlords
Militias
Paramilitary forces
Insurgencies
Terrorist organizations
Felony organizations and youth gangs
Desk 2: Completely different Classifications of VNSAs
The capabilities VNSAs fulfill for members and supporting constituencies
39. A key a part of that is the extent to which the VNSA turns into an alternate type of governance and fulfils capabilities usually the duty of the state. It is very important decide what sorts of capability gaps and purposeful holes are crammed by VNSAs. These can embrace the supply of state capabilities akin to imposing and sustaining safety and order and might lengthen to what is perhaps described as paternalistic types of social welfare. Certainly, for VNSAs filling purposeful areas is usually much more vital than filling territorial areas. This analytical framework is useful in contemplating all kinds of VNSAs. These embrace warlords, terrorist organizations, organized crime teams each home and transnational, transnational youth gangs, militias and insurgencies.
VNSAs in Worldwide Relations as Safety Threats
40. VNSAs immediately problem and have an effect on particular person nation-state or variety of states by means of networking of violent operations. In keeping with Fraiman, they “..pose vital challenges to the administration of states, primarily by threatening their inner monopoly on the usage of pressure. Nonetheless, at occasions, these teams may also current appreciable exterior safety threats to different states within the worldwide system” (2009, p. 1). The a lot of the trendy main conflicts are betwee
